MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) composed of 16 amino acids, which plays a critical role in cellular metabolic regulation. Synthesized within mitochondria, MOTS-c functions by modulating the cellular energy balance through pathways involved in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and cellular stress response. MOTS-c exerts its effects by translocating to the nucleus, where it influences the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic regulation